Realizing effective scientific collaboration among nations is not an easy task. The trends we identified in the first paper of this series are a snapshot of the landscape of scientific collaboration. Taken together, they shine light on specific areas requiring attention to maximize the benefits of collaboration. While the dynamic nature of research and the complexity of the geo-political landscape makes it challenging to point to any single factor or policy that a country, company, or funder could change to support effective scientific collaboration, some general pathways to supporting international collaboration are clear.

A group of leading marine scientists led by Prof. Ove Hoegh-Guldberg have collaborated to publish a science-policy paper explaining the urgent need for effective “coral reef diplomacy” and international coordination to secure the future of the coral reefs of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Northern Red Sea. This paper explains how these unique reefs are threatened by both a changing climate and other human-induced environmental damage, and why urgent action is needed to ensure their sustainable development and to protect the livelihoods of millions of people.

In August 2022, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy unveiled vital new policy guidance to make the results of publicly funded scientific research in the United States immediately free to access and available to all. We asked a small set of leading experts to share their reactions to the Nelson memo – the signal it sends, its likely impact, and the challenges facing its delivery.

Robert-Jan Smits

The inside story of Plan S, the ground-breaking campaign pledge to end the restrictive paywalls around taxpayer funded scientific research. Vital scientific knowledge freed and instantly available to the many, not just the few. The campaign coalition's architect, Robert-Jan Smits, shares his account of the shocks that Plan S delivered to the publishing world, and of the progress that unfolded.

We need more idealism in science and science policy to find solutions to challenges. If we restrict ourselves to what is tangible, known and established today, there is a risk that possible solutions to ‘wicked’ challenges that contribute to enriched and thriving individuals, societies, and their natural ecosystems could be missed. But if we ask, ‘what if?’, we introduce a capacity for idealism that opens up opportunities for creative critical thinking and imagination.

Frontiers Policy Labs participated in Euroscience Open Forum 2022, the largest biennial interdisciplinary meeting on science and innovation in Europe, for and with society.